Familiars, goblins, and other mischievous demons belong to the folklore of most European countries. It seems that Spina was inspired by several legends and stories. This classification is somewhat capricious and it is difficult to find a criterion for it. Demons that try to induce old women to attend Witches' Sabbaths.Demons that attack the saints are rogue demons.Cambions and other demons that are born from the union of a demon with a human being.Wandering groups or armies of demons can include multiple regions in hell.Man being attacked by the 7 deadly devils Spina's classification Īlphonso de Spina, in 1467, prepared a classification of demons based on several criteria: In 1409–1410 The Lanterne of Light (an anonymous English Lollard tract often attributed to John Wycliffe) provided a classification system based on the seven deadly sins, known as the "seven deadly devils" or "seven princes of Hell", with each demon tempting people by means of those sins, as follows:
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The work of Psellus would inspire many other later demonic classifications, from various occult authors to the witch hunting manual by Francesco Maria Guazzo. Michael Psellus prepared the influential De operatione dæmonum (On the Operation of Demons) in the 11th century, with a taxonomy dividing demons into six types: Leliurium (Igneous), Aërial, Marine (Aqueous), Terrestrial (Earthly), Subterranean, and Lucifugous (Heliophobic). It was used as the basis for several other goetic grimoires, including the Ars Goetia. The date is very dubious, though it is considered the oldest surviving work particularly concerned with individual demons. The Testament of Solomon is a pseudepigraphical work, purportedly written by King Solomon, in which the author mostly describes particular demons whom he enslaved to help build the temple, the questions he put to them about their deeds and how they could be thwarted, and their answers, which provide a kind of self-help manual against demonic activity.
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